设计阶段影响工程造价的因素分析

工程项目具有投资大、社会效益广、工期长等特点,保证项目建设的顺利实现,造价控制是关键因素之一,其中设计阶段是决定工程造价的重要阶段,工程设计阶段作为工程建设的重要组成部分,设计质量的优劣、设计水平的高低无疑是影响总体工程造价的关键因素。主要介绍了建筑设计阶段与造价紧密联系的几个主要因素,以期使工程造价得到更佳的控制效果。     

A survey of next generation mobile communications research in China

With the rapid development of wireless communication networks, the fourth generation (4G) has emerged to move beyond the limitations of the third generation (3G), with increased bandwidth, enhanced quality of services, and reduced costs of resources. In this paper, we discuss the key technologies of 4G and focus on surveying the ongoing research in 4G communications in China. The 4G technologies under investigation include multicarrier transmission, multiple antenna techniques, carrier aggregation, relays, cognitive radio, distributed antenna systems, network convergence, and network self-optimization. These technologies are the building blocks of 4G and contribute largely to the requirements of International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced). For each technology, its benefits, research topics, and some existing approaches are examined. Finally, we briefly discuss the challenges and future research issues in 4G systems.     

Statistical models for intensity and phase fluctuation of laser light in a turbulent medium

The probability density function of irradiance fluctuations in a turbulent atmosphere remains an open topic of research.It is generally considered that the speckle field has an elliptical-Gaussian speckle distribution,but because of its complexity there is still no exact analytical solution.By introducing the concept of random fluctuation intensity and using an equiprobability density ellipse,exact models of the random fluctuation intensity and its phase are proposed.Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation,it is concluded that the random fluctuation intensity and its corresponding phase are independent only under the circular-Gaussian approximation.     

Phase field simulation of interatomic potentials for double phase competition during early stage precipitation

Phase field model was employed to study the variations of interatomic potentials of Ni 3 Al (L1 2 phase) and Ni 3 V (DO 22 phase) as a function of temperature and concentration. The long-range order (LRO) parameter related interatomic potentials equations formulated by Khachaturyan were utilized to establish the inversion equations for L1 2 and DO 22 phases, with which interatomic potentials could be calculated. The interatomic potentials of Ni-Al and Ni-V exhibited approximately linear increases and decreases, individually, with enhanced Al concentration. Substituting the inverted interatomic potentials into the microscopic phase field equations led to three cases of precipitation sequence: the DO 22 phase preceded L1 2 phase precipitating at the interatomic potentials of Ni-V > Ni-Al; the vice cases; and two phases precipitated simultaneously at interatomic potentials of Ni-V and Ni-Al were equal.     

Understanding atomic-scale phase separation of liquid Fe-Cu alloy

Using liquid Fe 60 Cu 40 alloy as a model, the structure of liquid Fe-Cu alloy systems is investigated in the temperature range 1200 2200 K, covering a large metastable undercooled regime, to understand the phase separation of liquid Fe-Cu alloys on the atomic scale. The total pair distribution functions (PDFs) indicate that liquid Fe 60 Cu 40 alloy is ordered in the short range and disordered in the long range. If the atom types are ignored, the total atom number densities and PDFs demonstrate that the atoms are distributed homogenously in the liquid alloy. However, the segregation of Fe and Cu atoms is very obvious with decreasing temperature. The partial PDFs and coordination numbers show that the Cu and Fe atoms are not apt to get together on the atomic scale at low temperatures; this will lead to large fluctuations and phase separation in liquid Fe-Cu alloy.     

两表面层铁电薄膜体介质层效应理论研究

基于横场伊辛模型的平均场近似理论,研究了具有两个表面层铁电薄膜的体介质层对整个铁电薄膜相变性质的影响.给出了一个适合于研究任意层数具有两个表面层及体介质层铁电薄膜相变性质的递归公式.研究了体介质层的交换相互作用参量和横场参量对整个铁电薄膜相图的影响,以及交换相互作用参量对横场参量过渡值的影响和横场参量对交换相互作用参量的影响.结果表明,相图中铁电区、薄膜的居里温度、体介质层的横场参量过渡值均随体介质层的交换相互作用参量的增大而增大;体介质层的交换相互作用参量随体介质层的横场参量的增大而增大;而相图中铁电区、薄膜的居里温度却随体介质层的横场参量的增大而减小,并且发现体介质层的交换相互作用参量对薄膜的影响比其横场参量稍大些.最后也给出了两个表面层的交换相互作用对相图的影响.     

利用选择共振作用实现相位门

提出一个在高品质腔中实现相位门方案.该方案通过控制原子和腔之间的相互作用,选择所需要的共振作用,而让其它的原子跃迁由于大失谐可以绝热去除.由于仅原子基态参与作用,该方案有效抑制了原子自发辐射的影响;同时,不需要对腔中原子独立寻址,进一步降低了实验难度.     

纳米YAG粉体的制备与表征

以Y(NO3)3·6H2O、Al( NO3)3·9H2O、Nd(NO3)3·6H2O、NH4HCO3为原料,以乙醇为分散剂,采用共沉淀法制备Nd:YAG前躯体,将前躯体在不同温度下煅烧得到Nd:YAG粉体.分别采用红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、热重/差热分析仪(TG/DSC)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM...     

生物柴油/柴油乙醇水微乳体系相行为分析

采用化学滴定方法研究了生物柴油/柴油乙醇水微乳体系的相行为;分析比较了生物柴油/柴油混合比改变对其相行为的影响。结果表明:在不添加任何乳化剂的条件下,稳态相图中存在一个各向同性的单相区,单相区内混合液为稳定、透明的生物柴油/柴油乙醇水微乳化油,表明生物柴油可作为有效的表面活性剂;单相区的面积大小与体系中各组分的含量有关。当乙醇含量及生物柴油与柴油的混合比增加时,单相区变宽;在乙醇含量一定时,形成稳定单相微乳化油的最大掺水量随体系中生物柴油的含量增加而增加。最后得到了不同乙醇含量及不同生物柴油与柴油混合比条件下形成生物柴油/柴油乙醇水微乳化油的最大掺水量。     

纳米材料在植物细胞生物学研究中的应用

纳米材料已广泛应用于药物载体、生物传感器、成像技术以及基因治疗等研究,相对于动物细胞而言,纳米材料在植物细胞生物学中的应用相对滞后,目前主要集中在量子点探针标记技术和纳米基因载体介导外源基因遗传转化两方面。据此,笔者主要介绍了近年来的量子点合成及功能化等方面的进展,特别对于在植物细胞成像中应用进行了评述。另外还介绍了纳米基因载体的种类和特征,以及在植物完整细胞或原生质体中介导外源基因遗传转化等方面的研究进展。笔者认为已有的纳米材料存在粒径过大或自身的细胞毒性过大,限制了其在植物细胞生物学中的进一步应用,所以针对植物细胞自身特征,设计合成新型的纳米材料将是未来研究的焦点。